The Powell lens is a quantum leap forward in line generator performance over the simple cylinder lens. A cylinder lens produces a poorly illuminated line, one limited by the non-uniform, Gaussian laser beam. The Powell lens' rounded roof is in fact a complex two-dimensional aspheric curve that generates a tremendous amount of spherical aberration that redistributes the light along the line; decreasing the light in the central area while increasing the light level at the line's ends. The result is a very uniformly illuminated line used in all manner of machine vision applications; from bio-medical and automobile assembly to chocolate chip cookie production.

Fan Angle

The width of the Powell lens fan angle is a function of the refractive index of the glass and the roof angle. The steeper the roof and the higher the refractive index, the wider the fan angle and the longer the line for a given projection distance. Small fan angles typically use optical glass of a moderate, n=1.5, refractive index. Large fan angles are best made with a high index glass, n= 1.8, or higher to minimize the roof's otherwise steep angle.

Laserline Optics Canada stocks 6mm diameter and 8.9mm diameter lenses with 1°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°. LOC can also manufacture custom fan angles with low NRE costs.

Laser Beam Size

The incident laser beams dimension determines the laser line thickness at a given projection distance. A collimated laser diode features an elliptical beam cross section allowing either a thin or thick line capability with a single diode module.

An example of a narrow incident beam

An example of a narrow incident beam

With a narrow incident beam orientation, the beam's major axis is parallel to the Powell lens roof and a thin laser line with a small depth of focus is generated. With a wide incident beam orientation, the beam's major axis is perpendicular to the Powell lens roof and a thick laser line with a large depth of focus is generated. In the above graphics the diverging fan is truncated close to the lens. For each case, the beam is focused onto a CCD array at the 500mm working distance. The images below clearly show the effect of beam shape/orientation on the line width.

Narrow incident beam - thin line narrow depth of focus

Wide incident beam - thick linewide depth of focus

Narrow incident beam
Powell lens ray path

Wide incident beam
Powell lens ray path

Line Uniformity

Powell lens performance is sensitive to the incident laser beam's characteristics as well as the quality of the lens' aspheric surface. For demanding applications, a 
uniformly illuminated laser line is best achieved by matching the Powell lens to the laser module's particular beam characteristics.

Powell lens uniformity is not an absolute characteristic, it is dependent on the testing technique. For example, the uniformity measure will depend on whether one is assessing the Powell lens's projected line as seen on a surface by a camera in a machine vision application or sweeping a detector across the diverging fan of light for laser safety assessment. The differences in uniformity characteristics increase with fan angle, beyond 20 degree Powell lens divergence the differences become significant.

Contained Power

The central 80% of a uniformly illuminated line will contain 80% of the energy. A lower contained energy will cause the ends of the lines to increase in brightness. Minimizing the peaks helps to better utilize the laser's available power. Illustrated are two lines with identical uniformity that differ significantly in contained power.

Laserline Optics stock lenses offer 80% ±5% contained power.

Laser Line Straightness and Boresight

Line straightness and boresight deviation is dependent on Powell lens quality of manufacture as well as the precision of its mounting in the laser module. The Powell lens cell and its interface with the laser must be carefully designed and manufactured to maintain the roof's perpendicularity to the incident light, otherwise line curvature will be induced. Wedge between the Powell lens' roof and exit face will result in a boresight error, a displacement of the line from the target position established by the laser alone. Assuming the lens mounting is perfect, the lens wedge will tilt the roof slightly and induce line curvature.

Laserline Optics Powell lenses introduce boresight deviations of 3 mrad or less and produce lines that deviate from straightness by less than 0.1% measured over 80% the line length.

Mounting the Powell Lens

Careful consideration is required for mounting the Powell lens to ensure there is no clipping of the diverging beam emanating from the lens' plano exit face. Because of the complex ray paths of the Powell lens, clipping a large fan angle light beam close to the exit surface will alter line uniformity. The incident laser beam diameter defines the Powell lens roof shape and thus beam foot print size on the plano exit face. Because of ray clearance issues, the standard 90° Powell lens is only offered in the wider incident laser beam orientation with a large depth of focus.

To minimize integration problems for the customer, Laserline Optics provides active area foot print dimensions on the flat mounting surface of our stock lens data sheets as well as a 3D models of the lens with light rays.

The inventor of the Powell Lens

Dr. Ian Powell, a key member of the Laserline Optics team, invented the line generator lens in 1986 at the National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario.